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so I show you all this stuff about Venus

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because it's really really an important

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end member for how big rocky planets

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work and some scientists at one point

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thought that all these mountains areas

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on Venus were like the mountain ridges

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of the ocean floor and Venus is ripping

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itself apart and exuding energy through

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these caz madhai these canyons or chasms

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the way the mid-ocean ridges do on earth

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now maybe some of you thought about

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mid-ocean ridges I think it's important

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to say that our planet regulates its

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internal heat balance by a system of

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forty-five thousand kilometers of

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mid-ocean ridges which come on land in

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Iceland a little bit in Africa and we

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see the hotspot traces of them in Hawaii

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in other places we did not have that

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system our planet would be a lot hotter

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the crust would have to conduct more of

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the energy of this big hot interior

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that's not good would not be as good a

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place to live well here we have an area

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the United States would fit right here

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here we have an area called of the regio

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part of aphrodite on venus connected by

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all these deep deep canyon systems

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perhaps like mid-ocean ridges or I'm

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sorry mid-ocean trenches but again we

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don't know because the scales we see are

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inadequate to resolve that there are

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measurements of the Venus atmosphere

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measuring the isotopes of hydrogen that

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suggest Venus once had global oceans

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that would have filled all these low

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blue areas oceans of water that's a

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possibility if it did Venus may have

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been a habitable planet in fact early in

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the history of our Sun some scientists

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think the Sun was less luminous a little

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less hot it's sort of flairs for a while

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cools down and then it well eventually

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guys that Venus would have been right in

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the habitable zone imagine that two big

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rocky planets with oceans in the

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habitable zone one went one way the

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other one the other so as we look at the

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Venus atmosphere in the Earth's

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atmosphere we're reminded that there's a

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lot of the story at scales that we saw

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that we people need to get our grips on

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so this is an artist rendering as we

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don't have any data of what the hilly

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Ridge Plains of Venus these areas we

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called tesslar might look like there's

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even new data suggests Venus may be

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erupting today like the volcanoes on

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Earth like the ones that I effectively

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opened in Iceland or other places this

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is a possibility again without without

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robotic remote sensing understanding

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what these weird landscapes here's a

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giant impact crater

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on Venus this is the spiderweb terrain

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understanding all this stuff is hard I

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mean if I showed you those maps and

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pictures made by Landers that look like

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this you can recognize the Russian

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writing on the those Landers you'd

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wonder in fact the longest surface

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operation on the planet Venus in the

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history of humans that made this image

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was for roughly two hours so imagine

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having to do all your work whatever

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you're doing in two hours it's kind of

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like a sprint here you see the lander

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view from the Soviet missions in 1982

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CCCP USSR lens cap of course it fell off

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good thing and the view from the other

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one so this is our complete data set

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you've just seen it in ten seconds of

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the surface imaging of the planet Venus

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in contrast for Mars we have a terabit

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of images from the Rovers and other

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things so let me stop for a minute just

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put in perspective biggest other planet

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in our solar system that's rocky Venus

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Jupiter is a gas giant of course Saturn

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and others we know less than we did in

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perspective about Venus than we did

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about the earth probably in the 1940s so

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in the Space Age of the last 51 years we

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haven't filled in the textbooks on Venus

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who knows what it might tell us about

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how our own climate system works so

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here's earth large climate system

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recording in the atmosphere this is from

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a shuttle flight and you can see our

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moan now one of the things interesting

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about the earth is we have a very large

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natural satellite now a generation ago

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when I was younger than you guys we

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actually sent multiple human voyages to

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the moon and you might say why didn't we

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do that it was brash brave bold we went

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to the moon because in fact it was

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better for us developed the systems for

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people to go fly to the moon in command

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service modules with capsules then

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robotically we actually those Bay's did

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not have the robotic capabilities to do

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what we do today you guys have grown up

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in a generation of robotic IT

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infrastructure when we went to the moon

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and saw landscapes like this from the

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field of view you can see flying over we

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went with human eyes the first time in

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December 1968

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so the Apollo program took us to the

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moon and you might say well you know

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what did that do for me well aside from

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tangy and Teflon

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what it did do for the United States was

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develop not only precision navigation

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which we use now been mapped into GPS

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but it also developed the first

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large-scale integrated circuits which we

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needed to go to the moon

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here you see Buzz Aldrin coming off the

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the the lander on the first visit to the

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moon on Apollo 11

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we of course erected aluminum guy-wire

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flags it was a big engineering challenge

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to do that by the way we developed the

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highest land speed cars on another

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surface the lunar roving vehicle and we

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went to the moon and brought back a

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legacy of a history of another world in

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890 pounds of rocks we actually set

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amazing speed records with these things

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they drove we left our name tags on

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there there's John Youngs Apollo 16

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mission this is the legacy of human

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exploration in the first decade of NASA

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we not only built weather satellites

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started missions to explore the outer

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solar system but we sent people to

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another planet now how many of you

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realize the last time any women or men

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ever left the protective magneto sheath

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of our planet was 1972 when these

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missions now let me stop here this is a

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famous picture in November of 1969 the

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second of the Apollo service missions

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Apollo 12 commander Alan bean went and

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sampled the lens of a robot we had sent

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to the moon three years before you might

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say okay sounds pretty cool he actually

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landed about 180 meters from with his

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Lander craft the lamb as it was called

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180 meters from that across a distance

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in space of 400,000 kilometers now do a

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little math pretty good navigation to go

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that far in deep space and land that far

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we were then in a missile race hmm apply

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that to the missile race of the late 60s

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I think you can all do the math this was

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one of the greatest technology feats in

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the history of the 20th century

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precision navigation on another planet

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across the abyss of deep space we

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actually discovered that the lens of

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that vehicle had been contaminated with

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a type of bacteria that survived three

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years in deep space no air water deep

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space radiation solar flares came back

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put in the petri dish culture that grew

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so life is tenacious and we worry about

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that as we explore planets where we're

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asking are they alive what if we bring

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ourselves to

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those planets and then we discovered

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that we're there okay that's a great

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result so as we think about astrobiology

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where life works even on the moon

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a-absolutely airless world throughout

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his history we brought life there not

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only us in commander bean but in others

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so this was a major thing this is my

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favorite picture of the moon this is six

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kilometers looking back at the the

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spacecraft that carried Apollo 17 to the

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moon across the hills of taurus-littrow

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that was the walk back distance if all

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had gone bad

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the guys had to walk back that far to

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get home

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of course we drove around we sampled

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rocks we did a lot of geology I'm a

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geologist this is really significant to

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me one thing we learned about the moon

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it's old

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the first rocks told us famous picture

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that when we look at the moon we're

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looking at a surface that's frozen in

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time it's a fossil planet everything you

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see including the seismic network we

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stood up is recording a history of

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something like 3.7 3.8 billion years how

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many rocks have any of you seen that are

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that all none the first billion years of

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Earth history has been wiped

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so the Attic of the earth is recorded in

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the story on the moon and that told us a

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lot about ourselves here's the famous

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picture as we left the moon for the last

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time coming home to the earth so that's

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the last time people have gone into deep

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space

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that's a bold thing now this is what it

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looked like landing of course you've all

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heard the story of what Neil Armstrong

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had to do to free fly his vehicle I'd

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love to show the drive the land speed

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record here was about 16 kilometers an

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hour just for scale the the Mars

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exploration Rovers move about a 50th of

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that in their speed so these guys were

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trucking they actually had to build new

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hubcaps a couple of times because they

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went a little fast but again it was

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really a great way to explore in their

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trips and you see how rocky and bumpy it

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was going along the moon they actually

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covered on one mission and Apollo 17 27

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kilometers you know stopped here from it

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27 kilometres in one seven-hour extra

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vehicular activity event have we gone 27

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kilometers on Mars with the Mars

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exploration Rovers yet no and we've been

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driving for five and a half years so one

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day 27 kilometers out back collect the

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rocks come back we people like to

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explore fast

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in tough places this is the now why me

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generation that's important when you

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move things to the robotic time space

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you can freeze time you can move more

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slowly and so one of the things we do in

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exploring planets and the deep sea floor

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is we change the time scale so if it

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takes a week for a rover to go a hundred

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yards well too bad